Literature Review: Complicated Pressure Ulcers
Table of Contents

• Guidelines
• Epidemiology
• Prevention
• Risk Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Economics
• Support Surfaces
• Documentation
• Nutrition

Guidelines

Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 16. Evaluation
Oxman AD, Schünemann HJ, Fretheim A. Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Dec 8;4:28. PMID: 17156460.

Pressure Ulcers in the Long-Term Care Setting: Clinical Practice Guideline
American Medical Directors Association. Columbia, MD: AMDA 2008. www.amda.com Accessed July 30, 2009.

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ): Clinical Practice Guidelines Online Pressure Ulcer Prevention
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat2.chapter.4409 Accessed July 30, 2009.

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ): Clinical Practice Guidelines Online Pressure Ulcer Treatment
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat2.chapter.5124 Accessed July 30, 2009.

Pressure Ulcer Prevention Guidelines – an Expert Consensus Statement
Wound Care Association of New South Wales, Inc. August 2000. http://www.clininfo.health.nsw.gov.au/wcansw/ Accessed July 30, 2009.

The International Pressure Ulcer Guidelines
National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel http://www.npuap.org/ and the European Pressure Ucler Advisory Panel http://www.pressureulcerguidelines.org/index.html Accessed July 30, 2009.

Epidemiology

Effect of pressure ulcers on the survival of long-term care residents
Berlowitz DR, Brandeis GH, Anderson J, Du W, Brand H. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997 Mar;52(2):M106-10. PMID: 9060978.

Hospitalizations Related to Pressure Ulcers among Adults 18 Years and Older, 2006
Russo, C.A. (Thomson Reuters), Steiner, C. (AHRQ) and Spector, W. (AHRQ). HCUP Statistical Brief #64. December 2008. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb64.pdf Accessed March 24, 2009.

Pressure Ulcers Among Nursing Home Residents: United States, 2004
Eunice Park-Lee, Ph.D., and Christine Caffrey, Ph.D., Division of Health Care Statistics, CDC NCHS Data Brief , 2009 Feb;(14):1-8. PMID: 19389326.

Evaluation of prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers and their relationship with mattresses used in a general hospital intensive care unit
S Sterzi, Selvaggi G, Romanelli A, Valente P, Bertolini C. Eur J Plast Surg (2003) 25:401–404. No Abstract Available.

Skin fails too: acute, chronic, and end-stage skin failure
Langemo DK, Brown G. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2006 May;19(4):206-11. Review. PMID: 16641567.

Incidence and risk factors for pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit
Nijs N, Toppets A, Defloor T, Bernaerts K, Milisen K, Van Den Berghe G. J Clin Nurs. 2009 May;18(9):1258-66. Epub 2008 Dec 11. PMID: 19077028.

Pressure ulcers in elderly patients with hip fracture across the continuum of care
Baumgarten M, Margolis DJ, Orwig DL, Shardell MD, Hawkes WG, Langenberg P, Palmer MH, Jones PS, McArdle PF, Sterling R, Kinosian BP, Rich SE, Sowinski J, Magaziner J.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 May; 57(5):863-70. PMID: 19484841.

Pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in intensive care patients: a literature review
Shahin ES, Dassen T, Halfens RJ. Nurs Crit Care. 2008 Mar-Apr;13(2):71-9. Review. PMID: 18289185.

Prevention

Getting Started Kit: Prevent Pressure Ulcers How-to Guide
5 Million Lives Campaign Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Programs/Campaign/PressureUlcers.htm Accessed July 30, 2009.

Preventing Pressure Ulcers: A Systematic Review
Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. JAMA. 2006 Aug 23;296(8):974-84. Review. PMID: 16926357.

Pressure ulcer prevention in intensive care - a randomised control trial of two pressure-relieving devices
Theaker C, Kuper M, Soni N. Anaesthesia. 2005 Apr;60(4):395-9. PMID: 15766343.

Reducing pressure ulcer incidence through Braden Scale risk assessment and support surface use
Comfort EH.Adv Skin Wound Care. 2008 Jul;21(7):330-4. PMID: 18600075.

The effect of various combinations of turning and pressure reducing devices on the incidence of pressure ulcers
Defloor T, De Bacquer D, Grypdonck MH. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005 Jan;42(1):37-46. PMID: 15582638.

Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention
McInnes E, Bell-Syer SE, Dumville JC, Legood R, Cullum NA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD001735. Review. PMID: 18843621.

The effect of pressure relieving surfaces on the prevention of heel ulcers in a variety of settings:a meta-analysis
Nicosia G, Gliatta AE, Woodbury MG, Houghton PE. Int Wound J. 2007 Sep;4(3):197-207. Review. PMID: 17924876.

Preventing recurrent pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injury: impact of a structured education and follow-up intervention
Rintala DH, Garber SL, Friedman JD, Holmes SA. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Aug;89(8):1429-41. PMID: 18674978.

Randomised, controlled trial of alternating pressure mattresses compared with alternating pressure overlays for the prevention of pressure ulcers: PRESSURE (pressure relieving support surfaces)trial
Nixon J, Cranny G, Iglesias C, Nelson EA, Hawkins K, Phillips A, Torgerson D, Mason S, Cullum N. BMJ. 2006 Jun 17;332(7555):1413. Epub 2006 Jun 1. Erratum in: BMJ. 2006 Jul 1;333(7557):30. PMID: 16740530.

Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Black and White Nursing Home Residents:: A QI Initiative of Enhanced A bility, Incentives, and Management Feedback
Rosen J, Mittal V, Degenholtz H, Castle N, Mulsant BH, Nace D, Rubin FH. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2006 Jun;19(5):262-8. PMID: 16732072.

Alternating pressure air mattresses as prevention for pressure ulcers: A literature review
Vanderwee K, Grypdonck M, Defloor T. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008 May;45(5):784-801. Epub 2007 Oct 4. Review. PMID: 17919638.

Reducing hospital-acquired heel ulcer rates in an acute care facility: an evaluation of a nurse-driven performance improvement project
McElhinny ML, Hooper C. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2008 Jan-Feb;35(1):79-83. PMID: 18199942.

Influence of external forces (pressure and shear force) on superficial layer and subcutis of porcine skin and effects of dressing materials: Are dressing materials beneficial for reducing pressure and shear force in tissues?
Ohura T, Takahashi M, Ohura N Jr. Wound Repair Regen. 2008 Jan-Feb;16(1):102-7. Epub 2007 Dec 13. PMID: 18086290.

Prevention of pressure ulcers in the surgical patient
Walton-Geer PS. AORN J. 2009 Mar;89(3):538-48; quiz 549-51. Review. PMID: 19269379.

The use of a kickstand modification for the prevention of heel decubitus ulcers in trauma patients with lower extremity external fixation
Castro-Aragon OE, Rapley JH, Trevino SG. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Feb;23(2):145-7. PMID: 19169108.

Preventing bedsores
American Academy of Family Physicians. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Nov 15;78(10):1195-6. No abstract available. PMID: 19035068.

Pressure ulcers: prevention, evaluation, and management
Bluestein D, Javaheri A. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Nov 15;78(10):1186-94. PMID: 19035067.

Quality improvement program to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit
Elliott R, McKinley S, Fox V. Am J Crit Care. 2008 Jul;17(4):328-34; quiz 335; discussion 336-7. PMID: 18593831.

Creation and implementation of a pressure ulcer prevention bundle improves patient outcomes
Baldelli P, Paciella M.Am J Med Qual. 2008 Mar-Apr;23(2):136-42. Epub 2008 Mar 6. PMID: 18326049.

Risk Assessment

Interpreting interrater reliability coefficients of the Braden scale: A discussion paper
Kottner J, Dassen T. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008 Aug;45(8):1238-46. Epub 2007 Sep 24. Review. PMID: 17892881.

Multisite Web-Based Training in Using the Braden Scale to Predict Pressure Sore Risk
Magnan MA, Maklebust J.  Adv Skin Wound Care. 2008 Mar;21(3):124-33. PMID: 18388667.

Pressure ulcer predictors in ICU patients: nursing skin assessment
versus objective parameters
Compton F, Hoffmann F, Hortig T, Strauss M, Frey J, Zidek W, Schäfer JH. J Wound Care. 2008 Oct;17(10):417-20, 422-4. Erratum in: J Wound Care. 2008 Nov;17(11):493. PMID: 18947019.

Predicting pressure ulcer risk in pediatric patients: the Braden Q Scale
Curley MA, Razmus IS, Roberts KE, Wypij D. Nurs Res. 2003 Jan-Feb;52(1):22-33. PMID: 12552172.

Pressure ulcers: validation of two risk assessment scales
Defloor T, Grypdonck MF. J Clin Nurs. 2005 Mar;14(3):373-82. PMID: 15707448.

Intraoperatively Acquired Pressure Ulcers: Are There Common Risk Factors?
Aronovitch SA. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2007 Feb;53(2):57-69. PMID: 17293630.

Prediction of pressure ulcer development in hospitalized patients: a tool for risk assessment
Schoonhoven L, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Algra A, Grypdonck MH, Bousema MT, Schrijvers AJ, Buskens E; prePURSE Study Group. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006 Feb;15(1):65-70. PMID: 16456213.

Pressure ulcers and prognosis: candid conversations about healing and death
Takahashi PY. Geriatrics. 2008 Nov;63(11):6-9. PMID: 18998761.

Risk assessment tools for the prevention of pressure ulcers
Moore ZE, Cowman S. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006471. Review. PMID: 18646157.

Risk factors for pressure ulcer development in a best practice surgical intensive care unit
Frankel H, Sperry J, Kaplan L. Am Surg. 2007 Dec;73(12):1215-7. PMID: 18186374.

Diagnosis

Pressure ulcers: the Minimum Data Set and the Resident Assessment Protocol
Brandeis GH, Berlowitz DR, Hossain M, Morris JN.Adv Wound Care. 1995 Nov-Dec;8(6):18-25. Erratum in: Adv Wound Care 1996 Nov-Dec;9(6):8. PMID: 8696573.

Pressure ulcers: diagnostics and interventions aimed at wound-related complaints: a review of the literature
de Laat EH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, van Achterberg T. J Clin Nurs. 2005 Apr;14(4):464-72. Review. PMID: 15807753.

Pressure ulcer monitoring: a process of evidence-based practice, quality, and research
Harrison MB, Mackey M, Friedberg E. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2008 Jun;34(6):355-9 PMID: 18595382.

Treatment

Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: A Systematic Review
Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ, Rochon PA. JAMA. 2008 Dec 10;300(22):2647-62. Review. PMID: 19066385.

Therapeutic ultrasound for pressure ulcers
Baba-Akbari Sari A, Flemming K, Cullum NA, Wollina U.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;3:CD001275. Review. PMID: 16855964.

Pressure ulcers: diagnostics and interventions aimed at wound-related complaints: a review of the literature
de Laat EH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, van Achterberg T. J Clin Nurs. 2005 Apr;14(4):464-72. Review. PMID: 15807753.

A randomized trial of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers
Ferrell BA, Osterweil D, Christenson P. JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):494-7. Erratum in: JAMA 1993 Jun 2;269(21):2739. PMID: 8338511.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds
Kranke P, Bennett M, Roeckl-Wiedmann I, Debus S. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD004123. Review. PMID: 15106239.

Palliative Management of Pressure Ulcers and Malignant Wounds in Patients with Advanced Illness
McDonald A, Lesage P. J Palliat Med. 2006 Apr;9(2):285-95. Review. PMID: 16629558.

Comparison of air-fluidized therapy with other support surfaces used to treat pressure ulcers in nursing home residents
Ochs RF, Horn SD, van Rijswijk L, Pietsch C, Smout RJ. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2005 Feb;51(2):38-68. PMID: 15699554.

Becaplermin gel in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Rees RS, Robson MC, Smiell JM, Perry BH. Wound Repair Regen. 1999 May-Jun;7(3):141-7. PMID: 10417749.

Topical phenytoin treatment of stage II decubitus ulcers in the elderly
Rhodes RS, Heyneman CA, Culbertson VL, Wilson SE, Phatak HM. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Jun;35(6):675-81. PMID: 11408983.

Topical phenytoin solution for treating pressure ulcers: a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial
Subbanna PK, Margaret Shanti FX, George J, Tharion G, Neelakantan N, Durai S, Chandy SJ, Mathew BS, Suresh R. Spinal Cord. 2007 Nov;45(11):739-43. Epub 2007 Feb 6. PMID: 17279096.

Position Document: Pain at Wound Dressing Changes
Moffatt CJ. European Wound Management Association (EWMA). http://www.molnlycke.com/item.asp?id=1321&si=3.

A systematic review of topical negative pressure therapy for acute and chronic wounds
Ubbink DT, Westerbos SJ, Nelson EA, Vermeulen H. Br J Surg. 2008 Jun;95(6):685-92. Review. PMID: 18446777.

Efficacy of Multiwavelength Light Therapy in the Treatment of Pressure Ulcers in Subjects With Disorders of the Spinal Cord: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial
Taly AB, Sivaraman Nair KP, Murali T, John A. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Oct;85(10):1657-61. PMID: 15468027.

Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in the Emergency Department
Abrahamian FM, Talan DA, Moran GJ. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;22(1):89-116, vi. Review. PMID: 18295685.

Repositioning for treating pressure ulcers                            
Moore ZE, Cowman S. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD006898. Review. PMID: 19370658 .

Pressure ulcers. Local wound care
Clin Geriatr Med. 1997 Aug;13(3):543-52. Goode PS, Thomas DR. PMID: 9227943.

Acoustic pressure wound therapy to debride unstageable pressure ulcers in the acute care setting: a case series
Medrano S, Beneke MJ. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2008 Dec;54(12):54-8. PMID: 19104124.

Honey as a topical treatment for wounds
Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD005083. Review. PMID: 18843679.

A prospective, randomized clinical trial to assess the cost-effectiveness of a modern foam dressing versus a traditional saline gauze dressing in the treatment of stage II pressure ulcers
Payne WG, Posnett J, Alvarez O, Brown-Etris M, Jameson G, Wolcott R, Dharma H, Hartwell S, Ochs D. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009 Feb;55(2):50-5. PMID: 19246785.

Pressure ulcer pain: a systematic literature review and national pressure ulcer advisory panel white paper
Pieper B, Langemo D, Cuddigan J. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009 Feb;55(2):16-31. Review. PMID: 19246782.

A systematic review of wound cleansing for pressure ulcers
Moore Z, Cowman S. J Clin Nurs. 2008 Aug;17(15):1963-72. Review. PMID: 18705777.

Using topical negative pressure with a lipidocolloid dressing
[No authors listed] Ostomy Wound Manage. 2008 Jun;54(6):12-4. No abstract available. PMID: 18702191.

Negative pressure wound therapy: a systematic review on effectiveness and safety
Vikatmaa P, Juutilainen V, Kuukasjärvi P, Malmivaara A. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008 Oct;36(4):438-48. Epub 2008 Aug 3. Review. PMID: 18675559.

Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in the surgical intensive care unit
Kirby JP, Gunter OL. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008 Aug;14(4):428-31. Review. PMID: 18614907.

Does continuous negative-pressure and irrigation treatment really rinse the whole closed wound?
Lee SS, Chang KP, Lai CS, Lin SD. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Jul;122(1):319-20; author reply 320-1. No abstract available. PMID: 18594434.

New continuous negative-pressure and irrigation treatment for infected wounds and intractable ulcers           
Chien SH, Tan WH, Hsu H. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008 Jul;122(1):318; author reply 319. No abstract available. PMID: 18594433.

Evaluation of and caring for patients with pressure ulcers
Bell L, Cox B. Am J Crit Care. 2008 Jul;17(4):348. No abstract available. PMID: 18593833.

A simple solution for preventing air leakage in VAC therapy for sacral pressure sores
Aydin U, Ozgenel Y. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008 Oct;61(10):1267-9. Epub 2008 Jun 30. No abstract available. PMID: 18586592.

A systematic review of topical negative pressure therapy for acute and chronic wounds
Ubbink DT, Westerbos SJ, Nelson EA, Vermeulen H. Br J Surg. 2008 Jun;95(6):685-92. Review. PMID: 18446777.

A systematic review of the use of hydrocolloids in the treatment of pressure ulcers
Heyneman A, Beele H, Vanderwee K, Defloor T. J Clin Nurs. 2008 May;17(9):1164-73. Review. PMID: 18416792.

Beneficial effect of resin salve in treatment of severe pressure ulcers: a prospective, randomized and controlled multicentre trial
Sipponen A, Jokinen JJ, Sipponen P, Papp A, Sarna S, Lohi J. Br J Dermatol. 2008 May;158(5):1055-62. Epub 2008 Feb 16. PMID: 18284391.

Negative pressure wound therapy: a vacuum of evidence?
Gregor S, Maegele M, Sauerland S, Krahn JF, Peinemann F, Lange S. Arch Surg. 2008 Feb;143(2):189-96. Review. PMID: 18283145.

Nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture during care of bedsores and painful ulcers in the elderly: a randomized, crossover, open-label pilot study
Paris A, Horvath R, Basset P, Thiery S, Couturier P, Franco A, Bosson JL.J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008 Feb;35(2):171-6. PMID: 18226725.

Pressure sores
Bass MJ, Phillips LG. Curr Probl Surg. 2007 Feb;44(2):101-43. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 17386304.

Complex wounds
Ferreira MC, Tuma P Jr, Carvalho VF, Kamamoto F. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2006 Dec;61(6):571-8. Review. PMID: 17187095.

Pressure ulcers: a role for thymosin beta4
Francis Godschalk M. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep;1112:413-7. Epub 2007 Jun 28. PMID: 17600283.

Emergency management of chronic wounds
Hartoch RS, McManus JG, Knapp S, Buettner MF. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007 Feb;25(1):203-21. Review. PMID: 17400082.

Economics

Cost and Cost Effectiveness of Venous and Pressure Ulcer Protocols of Care
Kerstein MD, Gemmen E, et al.Dis Manage Health Outcomes 2001; 9 (11). No Abstract Available.

Implications of Medicare reimbursement changes related to inpatient nursing care quality
Welton JM. J Nurs Adm. 2008 Jul-Aug;38(7-8):325-30. Review. PMID: 18690122.

Describing Costs Related to Nursing
Pappas SH. J Nurs Adm. 2007 Jan;37(1):32-40. PMID: 17172970.

New acute care inpatient hospital payment system affects wound care
Schaum KD. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2008 Oct;21(10):458-60. No abstract available. PMID: 18836323.

The cost of nurse-sensitive adverse events
Pappas SH. J Nurs Adm. 2008 May;38(5):230-6. PMID: 18469616.

New opportunities to improve pressure ulcer prevention and treatment: implications of the CMS inpatient hospital care present on admission indicators/hospital-acquired conditions policy: a consensus paper from the International Expert Wound Care Advisory Panel
Armstrong DG, Ayello EA, Capitulo KL, Fowler E, Krasner DL, Levine JM, Sibbald RG, Smith AP. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2008 Oct;21(10):469-78. No abstract available. PMID: 18836326.

Support Surfaces

The art and science of evaluating patient support surfaces
Rithalia S. World Wide Wounds. http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2001/september/Rithalia-and-Kenney/Evaluating-Support-Surfaces.html Accessed March 23, 2009.

Using Support Surfaces to Manage Tissue Integrity
[FEATURES: CLINICAL MANAGEMENT EXTRA: Support Surface]
Brienza, DM., Geyer, MJ. ADV SKIN WOUND CARE 2005;18:151-7; quiz 162-3. Abstract Accessed http://www.woundcarejournal.com/pt/re/advswc/abstract.00129334-200504000-00013.htm  March 17, 2009.

Comparison of air-fluidized therapy with other support surfaces used to treat pressure ulcers in nursing home residents
Ochs RF, Horn SD, van Rijswijk L, Pietsch C, Smout RJ. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2005 Feb;51(2):38-68. PMID: 15699554.

Air-Fluidized Beds or Conventional Therapy for Pressure Sores
Allman RM, Walker JM, Hart MK, Laprade CA, Noel LB, Smith CR. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Nov;107(5):641-8. PMID: 3310792.

Pressure Ulcers: One Bed or Another? How Does an Air-Fluidized Bed Compare With Pads or Other Devices on a Standard Bed?
Munro BH, Brown L, Heitman BB. Geriatr Nurs. 1989 Jul-Aug;10(4):190-92. No abstract available.

A randomized trial of low-air-loss beds for treatment of pressure ulcers
Ferrell BA, Osterweil D, Christenson P. JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):494-7. Erratum in: JAMA 1993 Jun 2;269(21):2739. PMID: 8338511.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of two support surfaces following myocutaneous flap surgery
Economides NG, Skoutakis VA, Carter CA, Smith VH. Adv Wound Care. 1995 Jan-Feb;8(1):49-53. PMID: 7795873.

Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention
McInnes E, Bell-Syer SE, Dumville JC, Legood R, Cullum NA. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD001735. Review. PMID: 18843621.

The effect of pressure relieving surfaces on the prevention of heel ulcers in a variety of settings:a meta-analysis
Nicosia G, Gliatta AE, Woodbury MG, Houghton PE. Int Wound J. 2007 Sep;4(3):197-207. Review. PMID: 17924876.

Pressure relieving support surfaces: a randomised evaluation
Nixon J, Nelson EA, Cranny G, Iglesias CP, Hawkins K, Cullum NA, Phillips A, Spilsbury K, Torgerson DJ, Mason S; PRESSURE Trial Group. Health Technol Assess. 2006 Jul;10(22):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-163. PMID: 16750060.

Randomised, controlled trial of alternating pressure mattresses compared with alternating pressure overlays for the prevention of pressure ulcers: PRESSURE (pressure relieving support surfaces)trial
Nixon J, Cranny G, Iglesias C, Nelson EA, Hawkins K, Phillips A, Torgerson D, Mason S, Cullum N. BMJ. 2006 Jun 17;332(7555):1413. Epub 2006 Jun 1. Erratum in: BMJ. 2006 Jul 1;333(7557):30. PMID: 16740530.

Randomized comparison trial of the RIK and the Nimbus 3 mattresses
Russell L, Reynolds TM, Towns A, Worth W, Greenman A, Turner R. Br J Nurs. 2003 Feb 27-Mar 12;12(4):254, 256-9. PMID: 12671572.

Alternating pressure air mattresses as prevention for pressure ulcers: A literature review
Vanderwee K, Grypdonck M, Defloor T. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008 May;45(5):784-801. Epub 2007 Oct 4. Review. PMID: 17919638.

Evaluation of prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers and their relationship with mattresses used in a general hospital intensive care unit
S Sterzi, Selvaggi G, Romanelli A, Valente P, Bertolini C. Eur J Plast Surg (2003) 25:401–404. No Abstract Available.

Evidence-based practice and support surfaces: are we throwing the baby out with the bath water?
Clark M, Hiskett G, Russell L. J Wound Care. 2005 Nov;14(10):455-8. PMID: 16304920.

Documentation

Photography as an adjunct in pressure ulcer documentation
Dufrene C. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2009 Apr-Jun;32(2):77-80. Review. PMID: 19300069 .

Nutrition

Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers
Langer G, Knerr A, Kuss O, Behrens J, Schlömer GJ http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003216.html.

Differences in nutritional care in pressure ulcer patients whether or not using nutritional guidelines
Meijers JM, Schols JM, Jackson PA, Langer G, Clark M, Halfens RJ. Nutrition. 2008 Feb;24(2):127-32. Epub 2007 Dec 3. PMID: 18061405.

Nutritional status among patients with hip fracture in relation to pressure ulcers
Hommel A, Bjorkelund KB, Thorngren KG, Ulander K. Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):589-96. Epub 2007 Jul 26. PMID: 17662510.

Does nutritional intervention for patients with hip fractures reduce postoperative complications and improve rehabilitation?
Gunnarsson AK, Lönn K, Gunningberg L. J Clin Nurs. 2009 May;18(9):1325-33. Epub 2009 Jan 15. PMID: 19207806.