Literature Review: Surgical Site Infections Table of Contents

• Guidelines
• Surgical Subspecialty Guidelines
• Epidemiology
• Prevention
• Management
• Treatment
• Etiology

Guidelines

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP therapeutic guidelines on antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery.
Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1839–88. PMID: 10511234.

Review of the guidelines for complicated skin and soft tissue infections and intra-abdominal infections--are they applicable today?
Caínzos M., Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Dec;14 Suppl 6:9-18. Review. PMID: 19040462.

Surgical site infection Prevention and treatment of surgical site infection
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. October 2008. http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG74  Accessed March 12, 2009.

Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999
Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Am J Infect Control. 1999 Apr;27(2):97-132; quiz 133-4; discussion 96. PMID: 10196487.

Quality standard for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures. The Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Dellinger EP, Gross PA, Barrett TL, Krause PJ, Martone WJ, McGowan JE Jr, Sweet RL, Wenzel RP. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994 Mar;15(3):182-8. Review. PMID: 8207176.

Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan EL, Montoya JG, Wade JC; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1373-406. Epub 2005 Oct 14. No abstract available. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 15;41(12):1830. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 15;42(8):1219. dosage error in text. PMID: 16231249.

Surgical Subspecialty Guidelines

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Practice Guideline Series: Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cardiac Surgery, Part I: Duration
Edward FH, Engelman RM, Houck P, Shahian DM, Bridges CR. Ann Thoracic Surg. 2006;81:397-404.
Report from the Workforce on Evidence-Based Medicine, Part I

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Practice Guideline Series: Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cardiac Surgery, Part II: Antibiotic Choice.
Engelman R, Shahian D, Shemin R, Guy TS, Bratzler DW, Edwards F, Jacobs M, Fernando H, Bridges C. Ann Thoracic Surg. 2007; 83:1569-76.
Report from the Workforce on Evidence-Based Medicine, Part II

Recommendations for the use of intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis in Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. June 2004.
http://www.aaos.org/about/papers/advistmt/1027.asp

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 74. Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Gynecologic Procedures.
Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Jan; 23:1-9. PMID: 16816087.

ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 47, October 2003: Prophylactic Antibiotics in Labor and Delivery.
Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;102(4):875-82. PMID: 14551023.

Best Practice Policy Statement on Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis.
American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Baltimore (MD): American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.; 2007. 45 p. [100 references] PMID: 18280509.

Surgical Infection Society Guideline: Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Open Fractures: An Evidence-Based Guideline.
Hauser CJ, Adams CA, Eachempati SR. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006 Aug; 7(4):379-405. PMID: 16978082.

Epidemiology

An alternative scoring system to predict risk for surgical site infection complicating coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Friedman ND, Bull AL, Russo PL, Leder K, Reid C, Billah B, Marasco S, McBryde E, Richards MJ. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Oct;28(10):1162-8. PMID: 17828693.

Perioperative glycemic control and the risk of infectious complications in a cohort of adults with diabetes.
Golden S, Peart-Vigilance C, Kao WH, Brancati FL. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22(9):1408-14. PMID: 10480501.

Factors associated with the risk of surgical wound infections.
Hollenbeak CS, Lave JR, Zeddies T, Pei Y, Roland CE, Sun EF. Am J Med Qual. 2006 Nov-Dec;21(6 Suppl):29S-34S. PMID: 17077416.

The effect of increasing age on the risk of surgical site infection.
Kaye KS, Schmit K, Pieper C, Sloane R, Caughlan KF, Sexton DJ, Schmader KE. J Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 1;191(7):1056-62. PMID: 15747239.

The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs.
Kirkland KB, Briggs JP, Trivette SL, Wilkinson WE, Sexton DJ. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999 Nov;20(11):725-30. PMID: 10580621.

Glycemic control and reduction of deep sternal wound infection rates.
Kramer R, Groom R, Weldner D, Gallant P, Heyl B, Knapp R, Arnold A. Arch Surg. 2008 May;143(5):451-456. PMID: 18490552.

The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients.
Latham R, Lancaster AD, Covington JF, Pirolo JS, Thomas CS. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2001 Oct;22(10):607-12. PMID: 11776345.

Effect of optimized antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infection.
Manniën J, van Kasteren ME, Nagelkerke NJ, Gyssens IC, Kullberg BJ, Wille JC, de Boer AS. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(12):1340-6. PMID: 17152032.

Surgical site infections following colorectal surgery in patients with diabetes: Association with postoperative hyperglycemia.
McConnell YJ, Johnson PM, Porter GA. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Nov 11. PMID: 19002535.

Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates.
Parienti JJ, Thibon P, Heller R, Le Roux Y, von Theobald P, Bensadoun H, Bouvet A, Lemarchand F, Le Coutour X; for Members of the Antisepsie Chirurgicale des Mains Study Group. JAMA. 2002 Aug 14;288(6):722-7. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/6/722

Postoperative bacteremia secondary to surgical site infection.
Petti CA, Sanders LL, Trivette SL, Briggs J, Sexton DJ. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Feb 1;34(3):305-8. PMID: 11774076.

Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for herniorrhaphy and breast surgery.
Platt R, Zaleznik DF, Hopkins CC, Dellinger EP, Karchmer AW, Bryan CS, Burke JF, Wikler MA, Marino SK, Holbrook KF, et al. N Eng J Med. 1990 Jan 18; 322(3):153-60. PMID: 2403655.

Surgical infection and the aging population.
Raymond DP, Pelletier SJ, Crabtree TD, Schulman AM, Pruett TL, Sawyer RG. Am Surg. 2001 Sep;67(9):827-32. PMID: 11565758.

Implications of 2,457 consecutive surgical infections entering year 2000.
Sawyer RG, Raymond DP, Pelletier SJ, Crabtree TD, Gleason TG, Pruett TL. Ann Surg. 2001 June;233(6):867-74. PMID: 11371745.

Epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalizations with complicated skin and skin-structure infections: implications of healthcare-associated infection risk factors.
Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Micek ST, Hoban AP, Pham V, Doherty JA, Ramsey AM, Kollef MH. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009 Dec;30(12):1203-10. PMID: 19848604.

Skin and soft tissue infection: microbiology and epidemiology.
Dryden MS. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Jul;34 Suppl 1:S2-7. Review. PMID: 19560670.

Skin and soft tissue infections.
May AK. Surg Clin North Am. 2009 Apr;89(2):403-20, viii. Review. PMID: 19281891.

Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Stryjewski ME, Chambers HF. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1;46 Suppl 5:S368-77. Review. PMID: 18462092.

Skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections in hospitalized patients: epidemiology and microbiological, clinical, and economic outcomes.
Lipsky BA, Weigelt JA, Gupta V, Killian A, Peng MM. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Nov;28(11):1290-8. Epub 2007 Oct 3. PMID: 17926281.

Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Presentation
Dryden M. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9 Suppl 1:s3-10. PMID: 18844473.

The Surgical Infection Prevention and Surgical Care Improvement Projects: promises and pitfalls.
Bratzler DW. Am Surg. 2006 Nov;72(11):1010-6; discussion 1021-30, 1133-48. Review. PMID: 17120942.

Prevention

Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus.
Bode LG, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, Bogaers D, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Roosendaal R, Troelstra A, Box AT, Voss A, van der Tweel I, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 7;362(1):9-17. PMID: 20054045.

Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus Povidone-Iodine for Surgical-Site Antisepsis.
Darouiche RO, Wall MJ Jr, Itani KM, Otterson MF, Webb AL, Carrick MM, Miller HJ, Awad SS, Crosby CT, Mosier MC, Alsharif A, Berger DH. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 7;362(1):18-26. PMID: 20054046.

Minimizing surgical-site infections.
Wenzel RP. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 7;362(1):75-7. PMID: 20054050.

Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices, Chapter 20. Prevention of Surgical Site Infections
AHRQ: Andrew D. Auerbach, M.D., M.P.H., http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafety/chap20a.htm

Prevention of sepsis in total joint arthroplasty.
An YH, Friedman RJ. J Hosp Infect. 1996 Jun;33(2):93-108. PMID: 8808743.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention of wound infection after mesh repair of abdominal wall hernia.
Aufenacker TJ, Koelemay MF, Gouma DJ, Simons MP. Br J Surg. 2006 Jan;93(1):5-10. PMID: 16252314.

Incidence and risk factors for surgical infection after total knee replacement.
Babkin Y, Raveh D, Lifschitz M, Itzchaki M, Wiener-Well Y, Kopuit P, Jerassy Z, Yinnon AM. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39(10):890-5. PMID: 17852911.

Glycopeptides are no more effective than b-lactam agents for prevention of surgical site infection after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis.
Bolon MK, Morlote M, Weber SG, Koplan B, Carmeli Y, Wright SB. Clin Inf Dis. 2004 May 15;38(10):1357-63. PMID: 15156470.

Is antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery a generally effective intervention? Testing a generic hypothesis over a set of meta-analyses.
Bowater RJ, Stirling SA, Lilford RJ. Ann Surg. 2009 Apr;249(4):551-6. PMID: 19300236.

The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection.
Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 30;326(5):281-6. PMID: 1728731.

Preventing surgical-site infections: the importance of timing and glucose control.
Dellinger EP. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol. 2001 Oct;22(10):604-6. PMID: 11776344.

Prevention of perioperative infection.
Fletcher N, Sofianos D, Berkes MB, Obremskey WT. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1605-18. PMID: 17606802.

Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. Outcomes research group.
Greif R, Akca O, Horn E, Kurz A, Sessler DI. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan;342:161-7. PMID: 10639541.

Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis after cardiovascular surgery and its effect on surgical site infections and antimicrobial resistance.
Harbarth S, Samore MH, Lichtenberg D, Carmeli Y. Circulation. 2000 Jun 27;101(25):2916-21. PMID: 10869263.

Efficacy of protocol implementation on incidence of wound infection in colorectal operations.
Hedrick TL, Heckman JA, Smith RL, Sawyer RG, Friel CM, Foley EF. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Sep;205(3):432-8. PMID: 17765159.

Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery.
Itani, KM, Wilson SE, Awad SS, Jensen EH, Finn TS, Abramson MA. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec;355(25):2640-51. PMID: 17182989.

Effective prevention of surgical site infection using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline-based antimicrobial prophylaxis in lumbar spine surgery.
Kanamaya M, Hashimoto T, Shigenobu K, Oha F, Togawa D. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007 Apr;6(4):327-9. PMID: 17436921.

Prevention of surgical site infection.
Kirby JP, Mazuski JE. Surg Clin North Am. 2009 Apr;89(2):365-89. PMID: 19281889.

Preoperative hair removal – a systematic literature review.
Kjonniksen I, Andersen BM, Sondenaa VG, Segadal L. AORN J. 2002 May;75(5):928-38, 40. PMID: 12063942.

Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group.
Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 9;334:1209-16. PMID: 8606715.

Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery.
Nelson RL, Glenny AM, Song F. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1): CD001181. PMID: 19160191.

Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery and surgical wound infections.
Polk HC Jr, Christmas AB. Am Surg. 2000 Feb;66(2):105-11. PMID: 10695738.

Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors.
Steinberg JP, Braun BI, Hellinger WC, Kusek L, Bozikis MR, Bush AJ, Dellinger EP, Burke JP, Simmons B, Kritchevsky SB; Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors (TRAPE) Study Group. Ann Surg. 2009 Jul;250(1):10-6. PMID: 19561486.

Modifiable risk factors associated with deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting.
Trick WE, Scheckler WE, Tokars, JI, Jones KC, Reppen ML, Smith EM, Jarvis WR. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Jan;119(1):108-14. PMID: 10612768.

Risk factors for gram-negative bacterial surgical site infection: do allergies to antibiotics increase risk?
Trinh JV, Chen LF, Sexton DJ, Anderson DJ. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009 May;30(5):440-6. PMID: 19317629.

Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals
Anderson DJ, Kaye KS, Classen D, Arias KM, Podgorny K, Burstin H, Calfee DP, Coffin SE, Dubberke ER, Fraser V, Gerding DN, Griffin FA, Gross P, Klompas M, Lo E, Marschall J, Mermel LA, Nicolle L, Pegues DA, Perl TM, Saint S, Salgado CD, Weinstein RA, Wise R, Yokoe DS.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Oct;29 Suppl 1:S51-61. No abstract available. PMID: 18840089.

Surgical site infection prevention: the importance of operative duration and blood transfusion--results of the first American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Best Practices Initiative.
Campbell DA Jr, Henderson WG, Englesbe MJ, Hall BL, O'Reilly M, Bratzler D, Dellinger EP, Neumayer L, Bass BL, Hutter MM, Schwartz J, Ko C, Itani K, Steinberg SM, Siperstein A, Sawyer RG, Turner DJ, Khuri SF. J Am Coll Surg. 2008 Dec;207(6):810-20. Epub 2008 Oct 10. PMID: 19183526.

Hospitals collaborate to decrease surgical site infections.
Dellinger EP, Hausmann SM, Bratzler DW, Johnson RM, Daniel DM, Bunt KM, Baumgardner GA, Sugarman JR. Am J Surg. 2005 Jul;190(1):9-15. PMID: 15972163.

Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project.
Bratzler DW, Houck PM, Richards C, Steele L, Dellinger EP, Fry DE, Wright C, Ma A, Carr K, Red L. Arch Surg. 2005 Feb;140(2):174-82. PMID: 15724000.

5 Million Lives Campaign. Getting Started Kit: Prevent Surgical Site Infections How-to Guide.
Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2008. (Available at www.ihi.org)

5 Million Lives Campaign. Getting Started Kit: Reduce Surgical Complications How-to Guide.
Cambridge, MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2008. (Available at www.ihi.org)

The Surgical Care Improvement project (SCIP) initiative to reduce infection in elective colorectal surgery: which performance measures affect outcome?
Nguyen N, Yegiyants S, Kaloostian C, Abbas MA, Difronzo LA. Am Surg. 2008 Oct;74(10):1012-6. PMID: 18942634.

Surgical Site Infections and the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP): Evolution of National Quality Measures.
Fry DE. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008 Dec;9(6):579-84. PMID: 19216670.

The influence of hair-removal methods on wound infections.
Alexander J, Fischer JE, Boyajian M, Palmquist J, Morris MJ. Archives of Surgery. 1983;118(3):347. PMID 6824435.

Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection.
Tanner J, Woodings D, Moncaster K. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3(10.1002):14651858. PMID: 16625596.

Management

A comparison of two methods for identifying surgical site infections following orthopaedic surgery.
Cadwallader HL, Toohey M, Linton S, Dyson A, Riley TV. J Hosp Infect. 2001 Aug; 48(4):261-6. PMID: 11461126.

Complicated skin and soft-tissue infections: diagnostic approach and empiric treatment options.
Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Aug;74 Suppl 4:S21-8. Merlino JI, Malangoni MA. Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109-1998, USA. PMID: 17847175.

Antimicrobial management of complicated skin and skin structure infections in the era of emerging resistance.
Lee SY, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2005 Fall;6(3):283-95. PMID: 16201938.

Complicated skin and soft-tissue infections--consider gram-negative pathogens.
Ruef C. Infection. 2008 Aug;36(4):295. No abstract available. PMID: 18663409.

Clinical and economic consequences of failure of initial antibiotic therapy for hospitalized patients with complicated skin and skin-structure infections.
Edelsberg J, Berger A, Weber DJ, Mallick R, Kuznik A, Oster G. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Feb;29(2):160-9. PMID: 18179372.

How complicated skin and soft tissue infections are treated in Italy: economic evaluation of inpatient intravenous antibiotic treatment in seven hospitals. Tarricone R, Aguzzi G, Capone A, Caravaggi CM, Esposito S, Franzetti F, Muzzi A, Ricci L, Bassetti M. J Med Econ. 2008;11(2):265-79. PMID: 19450085.

Complicated skin and soft-tissue infections: diagnostic approach and empiric treatment options.
Merlino JI, Malangoni MA. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Aug;74 Suppl 4:S21-8. Review. PMID: 17847175.

Managing skin and soft tissue infections: expert panel recommendations on key decision points.
Eron LJ, Lipsky BA, Low DE, Nathwani D, Tice AD, Volturo GA; Expert panel on managing skin and soft tissue infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Nov;52 Suppl 1:i3-17. No abstract available. PMID: 14662806.

Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan EL, Montoya JG, Wade JC; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1373-406. Epub 2005 Oct 14. No abstract available. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 15;41(12):1830. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 15;42(8):1219. dosage error in text. PMID: 16231249.

Treatment

Outcomes Associated with Initial versus Later Vancomycin Use in Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections.
Itani KM, Akhras KS, Stellhorn R, Quintana A, Budd D, Merchant S. Pharmacoeconomics. 2009;27(5):421-30. doi: 10.2165/00019053-200927050-00006. PMID: 19586079.

Treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections.
May AK, Stafford RE, Bulger EM, Heffernan D, Guillamondegui O, Bochicchio G, Eachempati SR; Surgical Infection Society. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2009 Oct;10(5):467-99. PMID: 19860574.

A practical guide to the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections.
Fung HB, Chang JY, Kuczynski S. Drugs. 2003;63(14):1459-80. Review. PMID: 12834364.

Treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections.
May AK, Stafford RE, Bulger EM, Heffernan D, Guillamondegui O, Bochicchio G, Eachempati SR; Surgical Infection Society. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2009 Oct;10(5):467-99. PMID: 19860574.

New antibiotics for the management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections: are they any better?
Nathwani D. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Jul;34 Suppl 1:S24-9. Review. PMID: 19560672.

Treatment challenges in the management of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections.
Eisenstein BI. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Mar;14 Suppl 2:17-25. Review. PMID: 18226086.

The evaluation and treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections.
Cornia PB, Davidson HL, Lipsky BA. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Apr;9(5):717-30. Review. PMID: 18345950.

Early Appropriate Parenteral Antimicrobial Treatment of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Napolitano LM. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9 Suppl 1:s17-27. PMID: 18844471.

Detection and Initial Management of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Sawyer RG. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2008;9 Suppl 1:s11-5. PMID: 18844470.

Etiology

Does shaving the incision site increase the infection rate after spinal surgery?
Celik SE, Kara A. Spine. 2007 Jul 1;32(15):575-7. PMID: 17621202.

Risk factors leading to clinical failure in the treatment of intra-abdominal or skin/soft tissue infections. Falagas ME, Barefoot L, Griffith J, Ruthazar R, Snydman DR. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996 Dec;15(12):913-21. PMID: 9031873.

An increase in compliance with the Surgical Care Improvement Project measures does not prevent surgical site infection in colorectal surgery.
Pastor C, Artinyan A, Varma MG, Kim E, Gibbs L, Garcia-Aguilar J. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010 Jan;53(1):24-30. PMID: 20010346.

Statin use and the risk of surgical site infections in elderly patients undergoing elective surgery.
Daneman N, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA. Arch Surg. 2009 Oct;144(10):938-45. PMID: 19841362.

Incidence of surgical site infections postcolorectal resections without preoperative mechanical or antibiotic bowel preparation.
Howard DD, White CQ, Harden TR, Ellis CN. Am Surg. 2009 Aug;75(8):659-63; discussion 663-4. PMID: 19725287.

Surgical site infections: does inadequate antibiotic therapy affect patient outcomes?
Eagye KJ, Kim A, Laohavaleeson S, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2009 Aug;10(4):323-31. PMID: 19622027.

Positive nasal culture of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a risk factor for surgical site infection in orthopedics.
Yano K, Minoda Y, Sakawa A, Kuwano Y, Kondo K, Fukushima W, Tada K. Acta Orthop. 2009 Aug;80(4):486-90. PMID: 19593719.

Management of inguinal lymphadenopathy: immediate sartorius transposition and reconstruction of recurrence with pedicled ALT flap.
Gravvanis A, Caulfield RH, Mathur B, Ramakrishnan V. Ann Plast Surg. 2009 Sep;63(3):307-10. PMID: 19602946.

Incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.
Perdiz LB, Furtado GH, Linhares MM, Gonzalez AM, Pestana JO, Medeiros EA. J Hosp Infect. 2009 Aug;72(4):326-31. Epub 2009 Jul 10. PMID: 19592136.

Evolving issues in the prevention of surgical site infections.
Quinn A, Hill AD, Humphreys H. Surgeon. 2009 Jun;7(3):170-2. Review. PMID: 19580181.

Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors.
Steinberg JP, Braun BI, Hellinger WC, Kusek L, Bozikis MR, Bush AJ, Dellinger EP, Burke JP, Simmons B, Kritchevsky SB; Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors (TRAPE) Study Group. Ann Surg. 2009 Jul;250(1):10-6. PMID: 19561486.